Wow, lots of great questions! Let's go...
1. We don't have room here to list all of the parade, show and firework schedules, but you can click
HERE to find the WDW calendar. Simply select each park and the dates you are visiting to find the times for the key parades, shows and fireworks. If you want more detailed information, I recommend you visit http://pages.prodigy.net/stevesoares/ and click on the parks you desire at the top of the home page.
2. The single rider line is currently only available for Expedition Everest (usually), Test Track, Rock 'n' Roller Coaster, and the chairlift at Blizzard Beach. It allows a single person to skip much of the normal attraction queue, and wait near the loading area for a single seat to become available. Usually this can help you avoid much of the queue, but you don't get to ride with others in your group (they will likely be no more than a few cars before or after you). Here's an example: on Test Track the cars have two rows of three people (six seats total per car), and if there is a group loading that has five people, then there will be an empty seat that a "single rider" can fill in one of the rows.
3. Resort transportation for the Animal Kingdom Lodge is bus service only. This bus service will serve both the normal park hours as well as Extra Magic Hours. There is no set bus schedule, but it will typically run about every 20 minutes during peak periods. It is a safe bet that Disney transportation will run as early and/or late as guests might need.
Whew! That was a major info download. Hope it all makes sense!